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Cancer screening aims to detect cancer before symptoms appear.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= What Is Cancer Screening? )〕 This may involve blood tests, urine tests, other tests, or medical imaging.〔 The benefits of screening in terms of cancer prevention, early detection and subsequent treatment must be weighed against any harms. ''Universal screening'', ''mass screening'' or ''population screening'' involves screening everyone, usually within a specific age group. ''Selective screening'' identifies people who are known to be at higher risk of developing cancer, such as people with a family history of cancer.〔 Screening can lead to false positive results and subsequent invasive procedures. Screening can also lead to false negative results, where an existing cancer is missed. Controversy arises when it is not clear if the benefits of screening outweigh the risks of the screening procedure itself, and any follow-up diagnostic tests and treatments. Screening tests must be effective, safe, well-tolerated with acceptably low rates of false positive and false negative results. If signs of cancer are detected, more definitive and invasive follow-up tests are performed to reach a diagnosis. Screening for cancer can lead to cancer prevention and earlier diagnosis. Early diagnosis may lead to higher rates of successful treatment and extended life. However, it may also falsely appear to increase the time to death through lead time bias or length time bias. ==Risks and benefits== Screening for cancer is controversial in cases when it is not yet known if the test actually saves lives. Screening can lead to substantial false positive result and subsequent invasive procedures.〔 The controversy arises when it is not clear if the benefits of screening outweigh the risks of follow-up diagnostic tests and cancer treatments. Cancer screening is not indicated unless life expectancy is greater than five years and the benefit is uncertain over the age of 70. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cancer screening」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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